Dr. Dmitri Kopeliovich

Wear is the removal of the material from the surface of a solid body as a result of mechanical action of the counterbody.

Wear of Engine bearings is the removal of the bearing material from its surface caused by sliding friction between the bearing and the crankshaft.

Wear may combine effects of various physical and chemical processes proceeding during the friction between two counteracting materials: micro-cutting, micro-ploughing, Plastic deformation, cracking, fracture, welding, melting, chemical interaction.

The mechanisms of wear:

• Abrasive wear
• Adhesive wear
• Fatigue wear
• Corrosive wear
• Erosive wear

Abrasive wear occurs when a harder material is rubbing against a softer material.

• If there are only two rubbing parts involved in the friction process the wear is called two body wear.

In this case the wear of the softer material is caused by the asperities on the harder surface.

• If the wear is caused by a hard particle (grit) trapped between the rubbing surfaces it is called three body wear. The particle may be either free or partially embedded into one of the mating materials.

In the micro-level abrasive action results in one of the following wear modes:

• Ploughing. The material is shifted to the sides of the wear groove. The material is not removed from the surface.
• Cutting. A chip forms in front of the cutting asperity/grit. The material is removed (lost) from the surface in the volume equal to the volume of the wear track (groove).
• Cracking (brittle fracture). The material cracks in the subsurface regions surrounding the wear groove. The volume of the lost material is higher than the volume of the wear track.

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Adhesion wear is a result of micro-junctions caused by welding between the opposing asperities on the rubbing surfaces of the counterbodies. The load applied to the contacting asperities is so high that they deform and adhere to each other forming micro-joints.
The motion of the rubbing counterbodies result in rupture of the micro-joints. The welded asperity ruptures in the non-deformed (non-cold worked) regions.
Thus some of the material is transferred by its counterbody. This effect is called scuffing or galling.
When a considerable areas of the rubbing surfaces are joined during the friction a Seizure resistance (compatibility) seizure of one of the bodies by the counterbody may occur.

The factors decreasing adhesive wear:

• Lower load.
• Harder rubbing materials.
• Contaminated rubbing surfaces.
• Presence of solid lubricants.
• Presence of a lubrication oil.
• Anti-wear additives in oil.

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Fatigue wear of a material is caused by a cycling loading during friction. Fatigue occurs if the applied load is higher than the fatigue strength of the material.
Fatigue cracks start at the material surface and spread to the subsurface regions. The cracks may connect to each other resulting in separation and delamination of the material pieces.

One of the types of fatigue wear is fretting wear caused by cycling sliding of two surfaces across each other with a small amplitude (oscillating). The friction force produces alternating compression-tension stresses, which result in surface fatigue.

Fatigue of overlay of an engine bearing may result in the propagation of the cracks up to the intermediate layer and total removal of the overlay.

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Wear may be accelerated by corrosion (oxidation) of the rubbing surfaces.
Increased temperature and removal of the protecting oxide films from the surface during the friction promote the oxidation process. Friction provides continuous removal of the oxide film followed by continuous formation of new oxide film.
Hard oxide particles removed from the surface and trapped between the sliding/rolling surfaces additionally increase the wear rate by three body abrasive wear mechanism.

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Erosive wear is caused by impingement of particles (solid, liquid or gaseous), which remove fragments of materials from the surface due to momentum effect.

Erosive wear of Engine bearings may be caused by cavitation in the lubrication oil. The cavitation voids (bubbles) may form when the oil exits from the convergent gap between the bearing and journal surfaces. The oil pressure rapidly drop providing conditions for voids formation (the pressure is lower than the oil vapor pressure). The bubbles (voids) then collapse producing a shock wave, which removes particles of the bearing material from the bearing.

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• Bearings in internal combustion engines
• Engine parameters determining bearing loading
• Lubrication regimes
• Hydrodynamic journal bearing
• Hydrodynamic lubrication theory
• Geometrical parameters of engine bearings
• Requirements to engine bearing materials
• Engine bearing fatigue test
• Engine bearing materials
• Copper based bearing materials
• Manufacturing bi-metal strips for copper bearings
• Aluminum based bearing materials
• Continuous casting of aluminum based bearing alloys
• Manufacturing bi-metal strips for aluminum bearings
• Lead based engine bearing overlays
• Tin based engine bearing overlays
• Sputter bearing overlays
• Polymer based engine bearing overlays
• Engine bearing failure
• Selection of engine bearing materials
• Effect of low viscosity oils on engine bearings
• pMax Black™ - Strengthened Tri-metal Bearing Materials for High Performance Bearings
• U-Groove™ Modified Design of Oil Groove for High Performance Bearings
• ElliptiX™ Oil Hole of New Design for High Performance Bearings
• EccentriX™ Optimal Eccentricity for High Performance Bearings
• RadiaLock™ - Design of Crush Height for Reliable Press Fit of High Performance Bearings
• Modern Trends In Materials For High Performance Engine Bearings
• Optimization of Clearance Design for High Performance Engine Bearings
• Camshaft Bearings
• Ecological Aspects Of Engine Bearings
• Consistency in Bearing Wall Thickness
• Soft Strength of Racing Bearings
• Effect of oil viscosity on hydrodynamic friction of engine bearings
• Bearing Materials For Race Engines
• Oil Clearance and Engine Bearings
• Polymer Coated Bearings
• Development of Performance Bearings for Race Engines of Modern Design
• Failures of Engine Bearings and their Prevention
• Engine Bearing Housing and How it Affects Engine Bearings
• Polymer Coatings for Race Engine Bearings
• Heavy Duty Engine Bearings - Materials, Geometry, Failures
• Hydrodynamic Bearing – Calculations and Design
• Geometry of Engine Bearings
• Crush Height of Engine Bearings
• Materials for Engine Bearings
• Materials for joint prostheses
• Tribology of ceramics

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